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RaceBannon
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Armenian Bass Masters
Thought of Sark
Thought of Sark
RaceBannon
Member, Swaye's Wigwam Posts: 104,495
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Armenian Genocide
Part of the Late Ottoman genocides[1][2]
Marcharmenians.jpg
Armenian civilians, escorted by Ottoman soldiers, marched through Harput (Kharpert) to a prison in nearby Mezireh
Date 1914–1923[note 1]
Target Armenian population
Attack type
Deportation, genocide, mass murder, starvation
Deaths c. 1.5 million (disputed)[note 2]
Perpetrators Ottoman Empire (Committee of Union and Progress)
Motive Anti-Armenian sentiment[8]
History of Armenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
The Armenian Genocide (Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանություն,[note 3] Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust,[9] was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians,[note 2] mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire and its successor state, the Republic of Turkey.[10][11] The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the region of Ankara 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.[12] Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy.[1][2] Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide.[13]
Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of the Armenians to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and coin the word genocide in 1943.[14] The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides,[15][16][17] because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out. It is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust.[18]
Turkey denies the word genocide is an accurate term for these crimes. In recent years, Turkey has been faced with repeated calls to recognize them as genocide.[19] As of 2018, 29 countries have officially recognized the mass killings as genocide, as have most genocide scholars and historians.[20][21]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Armenians under Ottoman rule
1.2 Reform, 1840s–1880s
1.3 Armenian national liberation movement
1.4 Hamidian massacres, 1894–1896
2 Prelude to the Genocide
2.1 The Young Turk Revolution of 1908
2.2 The Adana massacre of 1909
2.3 Conflict in the Balkans and Russia
3 World War I
3.1 Labour battalions
3.2 Van, April 1915
3.3 Arrest and deportation of Armenian notables, April 1915
3.4 Deportations
3.4.1 Death marches
3.4.2 Concentration camps
3.5 The "Special Organization"
3.6 Massacres
3.6.1 Mass burnings
3.6.2 Drowning
3.6.3 Use of poison and drug overdoses
3.7 Confiscation of property
3.8 Trials
3.8.1 Turkish courts-martial
3.8.2 Detainees in Malta
3.8.3 Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian
3.9 International aid to victims
4 Armenian population, deaths, survivors, 1914 to 1923
5 Eyewitness accounts and reports
5.1 The U.S. Mission in the Ottoman Empire
5.1.1 Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
5.2 Allied forces in the Middle East
5.2.1 Arnold Toynbee: The Treatment of Armenians
5.3 Austrian and German joint mission
5.3.1 Armin T. Wegner
5.4 Ottoman Empire and Turkey
5.5 Russian military
5.6 Scandinavian missionaries and diplomats
5.7 Persia
6 Studies on the Genocide
6.1 Terminology
7 Recognition of the Genocide
7.1 Republic of Turkey and the Genocide
7.1.1 Controversies
7.2 The Republic of Armenia and the Genocide
8 Cultural loss
9 Reparations to the victims
9.1 Reparations on the grounds of international law
9.2 Sèvres Treaty
9.3 Lawsuits
10 Commemoration
10.1 Memorials
10.2 Portrayal in the media
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 Further reading
14.1 Historical overviews
14.2 Specific issues and comparative studies
14.3 Survivors' testimonies and memory
14.4 Former Armenian communities
14.5 World responses and foreign testimony
14.6 Memory and historiography
14.7 Documentaries
15 External links
Armenian population, deaths, survivors, 1914 to 1923
Main articles: Ottoman Armenian population, Ottoman Armenian casualties, and Armenian Genocide survivors
While there is no consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during the Armenian Genocide, there is general agreement among western historians that over 800,000 Armenians died between 1914 and 1918. Estimates vary between 800,000[121] and 1,500,000 (per the governments of France,[122] Canada,[123] and other states). Encyclopædia Britannica references the research of Arnold J. Toynbee, an intelligence officer of the British Foreign Office, who estimated that 600,000 Armenians "died or were massacred during deportation" in a report compiled on 24 May 1916.[85] This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after May 1916.[124]
According to documents that once belonged to Talaat Pasha, more than 970,000 Ottoman Armenians disappeared from official population records from 1915 through 1916. In 1983, Talaat's widow, Hayriye Talaat Bafralı, gave the documents and records to Turkish journalist Murat Bardakçı, who published them in a book titled The Remaining Documents of Talat Pasha (also known as "Talat Pasha's Black Book"). According to the documents, the number of Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire before 1915 stood at 1,256,000. It was presumed, however, in a footnote by Talaat Pasha himself, that the Armenian population was undercounted by thirty percent. Furthermore, the population of Protestant Armenians was not taken into account. Therefore, according to the historian Ara Sarafian, the population of Armenians should have been approximately 1,700,000 prior to the start of the war.[125] However, that number had plunged to 284,157 two years later in 1917.[126]
Uncovering the bones of Armenians in Deir ez-Zor.[127]
While Ottoman censuses claimed an Armenian population of 1.2 million, Fa'iz El-Ghusein (the Kaimakam of Kharpout) wrote that there were about 1.9 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire,[128] and some modern scholars estimate over 2 million.[129] German official Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter wrote that fewer than 100,000 Armenians survived the genocide, the rest having been exterminated (German: ausgerottet).[130]:329–30
Hundreds of eyewitnesses, including diplomats from the neutral United States and the Ottoman Empire's own allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary, recorded and documented numerous acts of state-sponsored massacres. Many foreign officials offered to intervene on behalf of the Armenians, including Pope Benedict XV, only to be turned away by Ottoman government officials who claimed they were retaliating against a pro-Russian insurrection.[16]:177 On 24 May 1915, the Triple Entente warned the Ottoman Empire that "In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres".[133]